📱 Smartphones & Physics
🖐️Capacitive Touchscreen
Definition: A touchscreen that detects touch using electrical conductivity of the human finger.
Working: When you touch the screen, it changes the local electrostatic field and the phone detects the location.
Applications:
- Smartphones & Tablets
- ATMs
- Smart Watches
Advantages:
- Highly responsive
- Supports multi-touch
- Smooth glass surface
Disadvantages:
- Doesn’t work with gloves (unless special)
- More expensive than resistive screens
🧭Gyroscope
Definition: A sensor that detects rotation and orientation.
Working: Uses the Coriolis effect — measures angular momentum changes as you tilt or rotate your phone.
Applications:
- Gaming (e.g. car racing, VR)
- Maps (compass and orientation)
- Camera stabilization
Advantages:
- Accurate motion detection
- Enhances gaming and AR
Disadvantages:
- Drains more battery
- Can be affected by external magnetic fields
🔊Sound Waves in Microphones & Speakers
Definition: Microphones convert sound (mechanical waves) into electrical signals, and speakers do the reverse.
Working: Mic uses a diaphragm that vibrates with sound; speaker uses electromagnetic coil to vibrate a diaphragm and produce sound.
Applications:
- Voice recording & calls
- Music and video playback
- Voice assistants like Siri/Google Assistant
Advantages:
- Clear communication
- Audio feedback in games and media
Disadvantages:
- Microphones can catch unwanted noise
- Speakers require more space and power
